Basic Computer Fundamentals

Presentation Aâ computerâ is an electronic machine, working heavily influenced by directions put away in its own memory, that can acknowledge information, control the information as per indicated rules, produce results, and store the outcomes for sometime later. PCs process information to make data. Dataâ is an assortment of crude natural realities, figures, and images. Informationâ is information that is sorted out, important, and valuable. To process information into data, a PC utilizes equipment and programming. Hardwareâ is the electric, electronic, and mechanical gear that makes up a computer.Software is the arrangement of directions that advises the equipment how to perform errands. Qualities of Computers 1> Automatic: Requires human intercession to begin any errand, take care of issue yet once started, it proceeds with the activity until its finished. 2> Speed: regarding microseconds (10 force - 6), nanoseconds(10 power - 9), and even picoseconds (10 force - 12). An amazing PC is fit for playing out a few billions straightforward number-crunching activities every second. Constrained by equipment and programming assets. 3> Accuracy: trash in-trash out (GIGO).E. g. Human info blunder, software engineer rationale mistake. 4> Diligence: Unlike people, a PC is liberated from tedium, tiredness, and absence of fixation. 5> Versatility: Can play out numerous assignments at same time. Constrained by equipment and programming assets. 6> Power of Remembering: As long as client wants, it can store any sum and sort of data. Constrained by equipment and programming assets. No IQ: Cannot settle on choices until trained. Can't learn all alone. No Feelings: No feelings, no taste, no information. Directions are required. 1. Advancement of Computers Necessity is the mother of creation then who is the dad? †Curiosity, Vision, Idea 1642: Pascal designed first mechanical calculator 1671: Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz first mini-computer for increase 1880: Keyboards and Herman Hollerith utilized punch cards as information gadgets nineteenth century: Charles Babbage, father of present day computerized PC, Differential Engine, Analytical Engine 1. The Mark I Computer (1937-44) 2. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42) 3. The ENIAC (1943-46) 4. The EDVAC (1946-52 5. The EDSAC (1947-49) . The UNIVAC I (1951) 1. 3 Computer Generations Overview of the significant turns of events and advances during the five ages of PCs which incorporate both equipment and programming that together make up a PC framework. 1. 3. 1 First Generation (1942-1955): †Used vacuum tubes(glass), performed figurings in milliseconds - Memory electromagnetic transfers, Data and Instructions utilizing Punch Card, Assembly Language Programming Characteristics: Bulky in size, a huge number of vacuum tubes, steady upkeep, exorbitant, all circuits were man-made. . g. ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC 1, and IBM 701 1. 3. 2 Second Generation (1955-1964): †U sed transistor, Germanium semiconductor, attractive circles and tapes, attractive center memory †quicker, little in size, minimal effort, devour less force †High level programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, SNOBOL 1. 3. 3 Third Generation (1964-1975): - Integrated Circuits(IC) comprises of transistors, resistors, capacitors, SSI(Small Scale Integration), MSI †all the more quick, performed one million directions for every second - low space, increasingly dependable, less force utilization e. . Small scale PCs and Mainframe PCs 1. 3. 4 Fourth Generation (1975-1989): †PC, IC-LSI, VLSI †one million electronic parts on a solitary chip. Semiconductor recollections †less force, all the more quick, little in size †Magnetic tapes, floppy circles, LAN, WAN, GUI, MS-DOS, Windows, Macintosh 1. 3. 5 Fifth Generation (1989-Present): †VLSI and ULSI(Ultra Large Scale Integration) †Microprocessor chips: 10 millions electronic parts Small, a lot quicker, less force, convenient, web, www, email 1. 4 Block Diagram of Computer 1. 4. 1 Input Unit: †Accept information and Instructions †Convert into computerized structure with the goal that PC can acknowledge and additionally handling should be possible e. g. Mouse, Keyboard, Light Pen, Joystick, Scanner, Touch Screen 1. 4. 2 Storage Unit: The capacity unit plays out the accompanying significant capacities: †¢ All information and directions are put away here when handling. †¢ Intermediate aftereffects of preparing are likewise put away here. > Primary Storage(Main Memory): †This memory is commonly used to hold the program being at present executed in the PC, the information being gotten from the info unit, the middle of the road and conclusive outcomes of the program. - Temporary in nature, I. e. unpredictable memory - quick and cost is high than optional capacity - e. g. Irregular Access Memory(RAM) 2> Secondary Storage/External Memory(Secondary Me mory): †Long term/changeless capacity of information. - slow and cost is low than essential memory - e. g.Floppy Disk(FDD),Hard plate drive(HDD), Compact Disk(CD), Digital Versatile/Video Disk, USB Drive, SDD 1. 4. 3 Memory size: - Digital Computer utilizes the Binary System I. e. 0's and 1's †Each character or a number is spoken to by a 8 piece code. - 1 piece = either 0 or 1 †4 bits= 1 snack and 8 bits= 1 byte 1. 4. 4 Output Unit: †Any fringe gadgets that changes over the put away paired coded information into advantageous outer structures as writings, pictures, sound †e. g. Screen, CD, Printer, Speaker, Head telephones, plotter, projector 1. 4. 5 Arithmetic Logical Unit: All calculations(arithmetical +-x/), comparison(<,>,=) and choices †Whenever counts are required, the control unit moves the information from capacity unit to ALU once the calculations are done, the outcomes are moved to the capacity unit by the control unit and afterward it is send to the yield unit for showing results. 1. 4. 6 Control Unit: - It controls every single other unit in the PC - The control unit educates the info unit, where to store the information in the wake of getting it from the client and how to yield. It controls the progression of information and instructions:(fetching of directions from principle memory and ensuing execution of these guidelines) 1. 4. 7 Central Processing Unit: The ALU and the CU of a PC framework are together known as the focal preparing unit. You may call CPU as the mind of any PC framework. †A PC may have CPU-IC, for example, Intel 8085, 8086, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Celeron, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core and AMD and so on 1. 5 Summary: